3D Tumor Spheroid and Organoid to Model Tumor Microenvironment for Cancer Immunotherapy

The intricate microenvironment in which malignant cells reside is essential for the progression of tumor growth. Both physical and biochemical features (TME) play a critical role promoting differentiation, proliferation, invasion, metastasis cancer cells. It therefore to understand how interact communicate with an assortment supportive tumor-associated including macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, other immune To study complex mechanisms behind progression, 3D spheroid organoid models are widely favor because they replicate stromal environment multicellular structure present within vivo tumor. provides more precise data about cell–cell interactions, characteristics, drug discovery, metabolic profile compared oversimplified 2D systems unrepresentative animal models. This review description key elements as well early research using cell-line derived, that paved way adoption patient-derived In particular, provide method screening particular emphasis on influence TME immunotherapy.